What is a noun?
The definition of a noun is a word that is used to define a person, animal or living object, place, thing or quality.
There are many different kinds of nouns in English.
Common nouns - general nouns such as cat, bowl, hand, tree clock etc.
Countable nouns - nouns that can be counted, such as car-cars, child-children etc.
Uncountable nouns - nouns that can't be counted, such as water, fire, air etc.
Collective nouns - nouns that refer to a group of things or people such as family, police, worker's union etc.
Proper nouns - nouns that refer to a specific name of a person, corporation, company, product, such as IBM, Microsoft, Mr. David Green, Dr. Mary Jones.
Concrete nouns - a noun that is a physical object, something that can be touched, seen, such as an animal, window, table, computer etc.
Abstract nouns - is a noun is not a physical object, it can't be touched physically. They are ideas and feelings such as intelligence, love, hate, bravery etc.
What are common nouns?
A common noun is a noun that refers to a person, thing and place.
Examples of common nouns: dog, house, picture, computer.
• Common nouns are represented in the singular and plural form.
• Common nouns are represented by lower case letters.
Examples of the usage of common nouns: (The common nouns are highlighted in blue)
The red book is on the table.
• The black dog is in my yard.
• The computers are new.
What are countable nouns:
A countable noun is a type of noun that can be:
• presented in both the singular form and the plural form
• represented by a number, such as two cats, five books
Rules For Using Singular
Countable Nouns Rules For Using Plural
Countable Nouns
1. A determiner must be used before noun(or adverb if adjectives are used, such as a, the, this, one, ours, his etc. 1.A determiner is optional before noun(or adverb if adjectives are used.
2. The article "a" or :an" can be used. 2. The articles "a" or "an" can't be used.
3.Only the number one can be used to state the amount. 3. Any number bigger then two can be used to state an amount.
4. Possessive adjectives my be used such as my, his, our etc. 4.Possessive adjectives my be used such as his, our, etc.
5. Quantifiers can't be used. 5. Quantifiers can be used, such as some, any, many, a lot etc.
6. A demonstrative adjectives can be used such as this, those etc. 6. A demonstrative adjectives can be used such as this, those etc.
Examples of Countable Nouns:
Nouns Nouns In The Singular Form Nouns In The Plural Form Nouns Represented By A Number
dog The dog is big. The dogs are big. There are six dogs in the room.
boy The boy is tall. The boys are tall. There are three tall boys in my class.
car Our car is green. All the cars at work are white. There are six cars parked on my street.
window The window is big. The windows are clean. The room has three window.
What are Uncountable nouns?
Uncountable nouns are:
1. Nouns that can not be represented in the singular form or the plural form, such as water, air, coffee, tea are some examples of nouns that can only be represented in the singular form.
2. Nouns that can not be represented by a number are called uncountable nouns. It is not possible to say I need 4 air, or 6 sugar.
3. Uncountable nouns are nouns that can not be counted. Examples of uncountable nouns are: water, air, grass, paint, oil etc.
Rules for Using Uncountable Nouns:
1. Uncountable nouns only used in the singular tense.
2. A or an can not be used with uncountable nouns. "The" can be used with uncountable nouns.
3. Certain quantifiers can be used with uncountable nouns, such as some, any, much, a lot are some examples of the quantifiers that can be used with uncountable nouns.
4. Quaintly of uncountable nouns is expressed by the expression "a. ....of......". (Examples: a bag of sugar, a bottle of oil.
What is a collective noun?
1. Collective nouns are nouns that refer to things or people as a unit. Examples: family, police, class, team, crew etc.
2. Collective nouns can be used in both the singular form and the plural form.
Rules for Using Collective Nouns:
Singular Collective Noun Plural Collective Nouns
1. Singular collective nouns refer to one unit of people or things. 1. Plural collective nouns refer to two or more units of people or things.
2. Singular collective nouns are used like singular nouns.
2. Plural collective nouns are used like plural nouns.
What are proper nouns?
A proper nouns is a specific name of a place , a person, or a thing. The first letter of a proper noun is always represented by a capital letter.
Proper Nouns in English
1.Name of the Month and Day January, February, April etc.
2. Names of Company's Microsoft, Amazon, Nike, etc.
3. Names of People John, Mary, Bill, Mr. Brown, Mr. Lee, Mr. Tom Jones
4. Names of Places Greentown Hospital, Town House Hotel, City Park etc.
5. Titles of People Dr. Kenny White, President Jimmy Ayusso, Ms. Miri Thomas etc.
6. Names's of Books, Newspapers, Plays etc. The New York Times, War and Peace, Midnight Summer Dream
What is a concrete noun?
Concrete nouns are:
1. Concrete nouns can be touched, felt, held, something visible, smelt, taste, or be heard. Concrete nouns are something physical.
2. Concrete nouns can be countable nouns or uncountable nouns, and singular nouns or plural nouns.
3. Concrete nouns can also be a common noun, proper nouns and collective nouns.
Examples of Concrete Nouns
Common Concrete Nouns
dog, cat, girl, plate air, water etc.
Countable Concrete Nouns
singular -chair, computer, song, window
plural - chairs, computers, songs, windows
Uncountable Concrete Nouns
water, air, oil, sugar, salt, rice, cheese etc.
Proper Nouns
Mr. Mike Jones, Tom Brown, Audrey Ryan
What is an abstract noun?
There are diffrent types of nouns. All types of nouns follow the same grammar rules. When most people think of nouns, they think of people, places and things but abstract nouns are the opposite. Abstract nouns is something that can't be sensed by our five senses (smell, touth, hear, see or taste).
Abstract nouns are nouns that:
• Abstract nouns are any nouns that can't be touched, tasted, seen, heard or smelt or felt.
• Abstract nouns usually represent feeling, ideas and qualities.
• Abstract nouns can be singular nouns and plural nouns.
• Abstract nouns can be countable or uncountable.
Examples of abstract nouns: love, hate, violence, culture, taste
PRONOUNS
How to use pronouns?
Pronouns replace the noun. A pronoun can be used as the sentences subject or the object. Most of the time a pronoun refers to something already mentioned or understood by the listener or reader.
The different kinds of pronouns are:
• personal pronouns
• indefinite pronoun
• demonstrative
• reflexive pronoun
• interrogative pronouns
What are Personal Pronouns?
Personal Pronouns in English are used to replace nouns that refer to people. Personal Pronouns can be used as the sentences subject or objective. English doesn't have singular and plural forms of "you". "You" is used for both male and female and singular and plural.
Example of Personal Pronouns
Subject Personal Subject Objective Personal Pronouns The pronouns are used to replace the name of the people or person
I - I went to the store. Me -Is Mary going to come with me to the doctor.
You - You went to store. You - Did you are Mary eat all the cookies.
He - He went to the store. Him - John is going to give him the books soon.
She - She went to the store Her - Mary is going to give her the books soon.
We - We went to the store. Us - When is Tom going to give us the books.
They - They went to the store. Them - Mary went to see them this morning.
It - It was a good cake It - I am glad it worked out in the end.
What are reflexive pronouns?
• Reflexive pronouns are pronouns that are used to state the subject is performing the action.
• The reflexive pronoun can be used to emphasize the object or the subject.
Reflexive Pronouns
Myself I
Ourselves We
Themselves Them
Yourselves You
Herself She
Himself He
Examples:
1. I lived myself while I was studying for my bachelors degree.
2. My sister paid for university herself. Our father didn't help her out.
3. We wanted to travel to Europe by yourself after we finished university.
4. Are you going to drive yourselves to school today?
What are Intensive pronouns?
Intensive pronouns are:
• Pronouns that refer to the noun or pronouns.
• Intensive pronouns are used to emphasize the subject.
• Intensive pronouns are used when the subject isn't performing the action.
• It is common for intensive pronouns are usually next to the subject.
• The intensive pronouns are not the subject.
Intensive Pronouns
Myself I
Ourselves We
Themselves Them
Yourselves You
Herself She
Himself He
Examples:
1. My sister herself is going to teach the undergraduate class.
2. I myself have two bachelors degrees.
3. We ourselves studied for the test.
What are relative pronouns?
A defining relative clause states defining information about a person or a thing. It is used to define one object/thing or a person from another. Without this information the sentence would not be clear.
Relative Pronouns
- Time Reason Person Place Thing
Subject -- -- Who, That Where That, Which
Object When Why Who/Whom/That - That, Which
Possessive Whose - Whose - Whose
Note: The relative pronoun replaces the noun.
Examples:
1. Who is that man in there street?
2. Whose husband is that waiting in the car?
3. Is that cake good?
4. When are you going to call her?
5. Why are you so tired?
6. Which house is yours?
ADVERBS
What are adverbs?
An adverb is a word or a group of words that are used to help define the action of the verb. Adverbs can also be used to define adjectives, or other adverbs.
How to tell if a word is an adverb?
A word is an adverb if it answers one of the three questions, when, where or how.
Examples:
Examples of English Adverbs that state when, where and how
When Where How
I have to study today. I like to read under the trees in the park. I should exercise carefully.
My mother always listens to the radio. Our teacher rarely gives us a lot of worksheets to do. My brother study very hard for all his exams.
Our teacher is really good this year. We learned to play the piano quickly. We had a really good teacher. The students and teachers work closely on the project.
In most cases adverbs are created by added -ly to the end of an adjective. Some common adverbs are quietly, quickly, beautifully etc.
Spelling rules of adverbs:
Adjectives that end in y - change the -i to -y as easy-easily, happy-happily
1. Adjectives ending -y change to -ily; lucky-luckily
2. Adjectives ending -ble only -y is added; present -presentably, respectable -respectably.
What are frequency adverbs?
Frequency adverbs are adverbs that state how often something happens or someone does something.
What is the grammatical structure frequency adverbs?
In geranal requencey adverbs are used just like any other adverb. They come before the main verb, except if the main verb is the verb "to be" then adverbs comes after the verb.
Below is a chart a frequency adverbs, the numbers after the adverbs will give you an idea of the how often an event would take place.
Frequency Adverbs
Always 100%
nearly/almost always 90%
Usually 80%
Very Often/Frequently 70%
Often 60%
Sometimes 50%
Occasionally 40%
Almost never/ever 20%
Seldom/Almost never 10%
Never 0%
Positive and Negative Sentences without the verb "to be"
1. Frequency adverbs are used in positive sentences and negative sentences. The frequency adverbs are placed after the main verb (if the main verb is not the verb "to be).
Examples:
1. I always walk to school
2. My cats sometimes like to play
3. Our teacher almost never gives us a lot of homework.
4. The teacher doesn't always come on time.
5. My cats don't always like to play with my socks.
6. I don't often walk to school.
Positive and Negative Sentence with the verb "to be"
2. Frequency Adverbs are used in positive sentences and negative sentences. The frequency adverb is placed before the main verb if the main verb is the Verb "to be".
• The teacher is always on time.
• My sister is never lazy.
• Our house is sometimes a mess.
• My brother's house is never a mess.
• The sofa is always fun to sit on.
Questions without the verb "to be" as the main verb
3. When questions use the verb "to be" as the main verb the frequency adverb is placed after the subject.
• Does she always walk to work?
• Why does the oven always stop working after 10 minutes?
• Do you always clean the sofa every day?
4. Questions with the verb "to be" as the main verb. In question when the main verb is the verb "to be" the frequency adverb is placed after the subject.
• Is the food always so bad?
• Are your children ever late for school?
• Are the clocks always broken?
Usage of Frequency Adverbs:
Positive sentences with the frequency adverb
Subject Auxiliary Verb (if need) Frequency Adverb Main Verb Continue the Sentence
I - always walk to work.
We - often eat meat on Saturday night.
My cats - sometimes sleep in their beds.
She has never been to China.
He has always wanted live in Paris.
They will never use the old computers in the basement.
1. Adverbs of frequency are used in positive sentences. The frequency adverb is placed after the main verb (if the main verb is not the verb "to be).
Examples:
• I always walk to school.
• My cats sometimes like to play.
• Our teacher almost never gives us a lot of homework.
2. Adverbs of frequency are used in positive sentences. The frequency adverb is placed before the main verb if the main verb is the Verb "to be"
Positive and Negative Sentences without the verb "to be"
1. Frequency adverbs are used in positive sentences and negative sentences. The frequency adverb is placed after the main verb (if the main verb is not the verb "to be).
Examples:
• I always walk to school
• My cats sometimes like to play
• Our teacher almost never gives us a lot of homework.
• The teacher doesn't always come on time.
• My cats don't always like to play with my socks.
• I don't often walk to school.
Positive and Negative Sentence with the verb "to be"
2. Frequency Adverbs are used in positive sentences and negative sentences. The frequency adverb is placed before the main verb if the main verb is the Verb "to be".
• The teacher is always on time.
• My sister is never lazy.
• Our house is sometimes a mess.
• My brother's house is never a mess.
• The sofa is always comfoftable to sit on.
Questions without the verb "to be" as the main verb
3. In question when the main verb is not "to be". the frequency adverb is placed before the main verb.
• Does she always walk to work?
• Why does the oven always stop working after 10 minutes?
• Do you always clean the sofa every day?
4. In questions when the verb "to be" as the main verb. In question when the main verb is the verb "to be" the frequency adverb is placed after the subject?
• Is the food always so bad?
• Are your children ever late for school?
• Are the clocks always broken?